Gnah! Gagrella! Headdesk!

'Gagrella' splendens - is this the face of Evil? Photo by sswroom.

Please permit me to vent some frustration. I've written before about the ghastly legacy left to many areas of harvestman taxonomy by the work in the first half of the 1900s of Carl-Friedrich Roewer, henceforth referred to as the Antichrist of Arachnology, through his use of artificial classification systems and slipshod taxonomy. In the past, I personally have managed to remain relatively unscathed by the dark influence of Roewer, who did not deal much with the Australian opilionidan fauna. In the last few days, this has sadly changed dramatically. I have found myself wandering into the toxic wasteland that is Gagrella.

The Gagrellinae are a sizable subfamily found in tropical and subtropical Asia and the Americas. The centre of diversity for the subfamily is in Asia, whence about 700 species have been described. Many of these species are exceedingly colourful, strikingly ornamented and just downright remarkable. The problem is that most of the Gagrellinae, including Gagrella itself, have not really been revised since Roewer's massive investigation of the group, culminating in a monograph of the Asian Gagrellinae published in four parts over 1954 and 1955. As with other groups of harvestmen, Roewer used an artificial classification system based on characters such as the numbers of nodules in the legs or spines on the carapace - characters which have sometimes since been shown to not even be consistent between members of the same species, let alone the same genus (there are specimens of other taxa that, if one was to use Roewer's identification system, the left side of the animal would key out as one genus while the right side would key out as another). It is therefore quite likely that, were a full revision to be conducted, many species would have to be placed in different genera from their current position. With, as I said, about 700 species involved, this would be a mammoth task.

And yet there is a second layer of ghastliness, to make the problem even more difficult. Of the species assigned to Gagrellinae, a little less than 200 have been assigned to the largest genus, Gagrella. The type species of this genus is one Gagrella signata. However, when Roewer worked on the genus, he moved G. signata out of Gagrella and into another genus, Crassicippus, leaving the remaining species as Gagrella. Because the genus name is required to always stay with the type species, this actually meant that what Roewer called Crassicippus should have been called Gagrella, while what he called Gagrella should have been something else! Unfortunately, almost all authors following Roewer used his inaccurate sense of Gagrella, meaning that of those nearly 200 species, none of them actually belong to Gagrella unless they happen by coincidence to have been placed in the wrong genus and are actually closer to G. signata.


Unidentified South American Gagrellinae, congregating suspiciously. Photo by Bruno Buzatto.

Under strict application of the rules of nomenclature, what is now 'Gagrella' should actually be called Hexomma, that being the oldest genus name synonymised with Gagrella sensu Roewer in the past (Crawford, 1992). Unfortunately, the name Hexomma has been used as a valid genus in all of about three publications since it was first published back in 1876. Also, there are serious doubts about whether the type species, Hexomma vulcanicum, is actually identifiable - Roewer (1954), who may or may not have seen the type specimens*, claimed it to be based on unidentifiable juveniles, and the type specimen(s) seems to have since gone AWOL (Crawford, 1992).

*Roewer (1954) claims to have examined type specimens that he had borrowed from Vienna, but then eight lines later lists "Holotypus (Thorell) (Mus. Stockholm, Genua?)". As the Vienna specimens were correctly attributed to Doleschall rather than the later Thorell (albeit from the wrong publication), the Vienna record seems more likely to be accurate. Thorell later redescribed Hexomma vulcanicum as Gagrella vulcanica, and the Stockholm/Genoa specimen listing probably refers to the specimen used by Thorell for the redescription (and so not actually a holotype).

Why does all this matter to me? I am currently trying to write a description of a new species of Gagrellinae. Seeing as I am not in a position to conduct the full revision of the Asian Gagrellinae, my best option for now would be to follow the Roewer classification, despite its faults. Unfortunately, the species keys out to 'Gagrella'... What am I (or other workers on Asian Gagrellinae) to do about this huge ugly pile of taxonomic blancmange? Among the options:

1. Move everything currently in Gagrella to Hexomma: Probably not that good an idea, considering that Hexomma is not a well-defined genus and many (if not most) of the species will end up having to be moved out anyway.


2. Conserve the definition of Gagrella as used by Roewer: One option might be ask the ICZN to conserve Roewer's usage of Gagrella. Under normal conditions, this would be ideal, but in this case much the same issues apply as with the first option - what's the point with conserving Gagrella in its current condition if most of the species are probably going to end up having to move anyway?


3. Run screaming in horror from the entire concept of Asian Gagrellinae and end up crouched into foetal position and whimpering in the darkest recesses of the wet collection: At the moment, this option is looking increasingly attractive...

REFERENCES

Crawford, R. L. 1992. Catalogue of the genera and type species of the harvestman superfamily Phalangioidea (Arachnida). Burke Museum Contributions in Anthropology and Natural History 8: 1-60.

Roewer, C. F. 1954. Indoaustralische Gagrellinae (Opiliones, Arachnidae). (Weitere Weberknechte XVIII). 1. Teil. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35 (3-4): 181-236.

What is a Daddy-Longlegs?

"Daddy-longlegs" is one of the worst animal names there is. The name is widely used and generally recognised, but causes endless confusion because it is applied to no less than three very different animals. In a brief attempt at disambiguation, these are the animals involved:

First are harvestmen of the order Opiliones (picture from UMMZ). Harvestmen are often confused with spiders, but the body is not divided into a cephalothorax and abdomen, the opisthosoma (the posterior part of the body corresponding to the abdomen) is externally segmented, the chelicerae (mouthparts) are pincers rather than fangs, and harvestmen do not produce silk. The name "daddy-longlegs" as applied to harvestmen usually refers to the group known as "long-legged harvestmen" (Palpatores). There is some uncertainty about whether Palpatores are a monophyletic group, but that's a subject for another time.

Second are spiders of the family Pholcidae (picture is from Iziko Museums of Cape Town - the object the spider is holding is the egg-sac, which is carried by the female until the eggs hatch). Pholcids are true spiders, and so have a divided body, an unsegmented abdomen, fangs, and produce silk. Here in Australia and New Zealand, the 'daddy-longlegs' that are almost ubiquitously found in houses (particularly bathrooms) are pholcids, most often the introduced Pholcus phalangioides. Offhand, there is a common belief that daddy-longlegs (either pholcids or Opiliones) are "the most poisonous spiders in existence, but their fangs are too small to pierce human skin". I have come across this story many times, and have even been assured of it by people who really should know better. This story is absolute bunkum. The University of California, Riverside site has more info.

Finally, the third group accused of being 'daddy-longlegs' are crane flies of the family Tipulidae (picture from Wikipedia). Crane flies look a bit like giant mosquitoes, but they are not blood-suckers. They are a large family - the adults are nectarivores or do not feed, while the larvae, commonly called leatherjackets, feed on vegetation. Crane flies are easily distinguished from the other 'daddy-longlegs' - the wings are a bit of a give-away.